![]() We also find that both journal advertising and personal selling have no significant effect on diffusion, confirming our expectations. To our knowledge, our study is the first to register a significant effect of unpublished clinical studies (i.e., clinical studies whose results have not been published in medical journals) on specialty drug prescriptions. Our findings support the idea that the influence of scientific evidence production on specialty drug diffusion is seen through all three stages of its production process. Moreover, we expect direct-to-physician marketing (personal selling and journal advertising) to have a weaker or even negligible effect given the ability of prescribing physicians to source information directly from the scientific evidence production process. Because of the high potential benefits of specialty drugs and the severity of the diseases they treat, we expect specialty drug prescribers to extensively source information from all scientific evidence production stages to evaluate a drug’s utility or net benefit for patients. ![]() Thus, evidence emerging from clinical studies for a specialty drug should be critical for its diffusion.Īs part of our framework, we note that scientific evidence production is a process consisting of three stages: (1) unpublished clinical studies, (2) evidence published in medical journals, and (3) clinical guidelines. Specialty drug prescribers are predominantly specialist physicians who have the motivation, opportunity, and ability to directly source and process scientific information to make evidence-based decisions.The combination of novelty, complexity, and importance of specialty drugs necessitates that prescribing physicians must quickly develop an extensive knowledge base to make appropriate and timely evidence-based decisions.We propose a framework of specialty drug diffusion, which is motivated by two principles: ![]() In a new Journal of Marketing study, we find that clinical studies affect the diffusion of new specialty drugs through a multistage scientific evidence production process. What is the role of scientific evidence? And do marketing activities influence prescriptions by physicians, who are mainly specialists? coal consumption has fallen by more than half since its peak in 2005 reduced use in the electric power sector has driven much of this decline.Despite the proliferation of specialty drugs, little is known about the drivers of diffusion. coal consumption fell to 9.2 quads in 2020, the lowest level in 116 years. natural gas consumption totaled 31.5 quads in 2020, a slight decline from the previous year but the second-highest level of natural gas consumption in the United States on record. petroleum consumption remains below its 2005 peak, and in 2020, it totaled 32.2 quads. Petroleum has been the most-consumed energy source in the United States since surpassing coal in 1950. nuclear energy consumption totaled 8.2 quads in 2020, the lowest level since 2013. Increases in consumption of renewables used for electricity generation, including wind and solar energy, were partially offset by declines in biofuel consumption in the transportation sector. nonfossil fuel energy sources, renewable energy consumption increased slightly from 11.4 quads in 2019 to a record high of 11.6 quads in 2020. fossil fuel energy consumption, totaling 73 quads, was at its lowest level since 1991.Īmong U.S. Almost all of this decline came from less consumption of fossil fuels, especially petroleum used for transportation and coal used for electricity generation. energy consumption last year was the largest annual decrease on record. energy consumption in 2020 came from nonfossil fuel sources such as renewables and nuclear-the highest share since the early 1900s, according to data in our Monthly Energy Review.ĭuring 2020, responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and other economic factors significantly reduced energy use in the United States. Fossil fuels-petroleum, natural gas, and coal-accounted for 79% of total U.S. ![]() Primary energy consumption totaled 93 quadrillion British thermal units (quads) in the United States in 2020, or 7 quads less than in 2019. New articles will resume on Tuesday, July 6. Today in Energy would like to wish you a happy Fourth of July.
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